Matric: Physics Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS 

Physics: Study of all natural phenomenon
Definition Of Physics: Physics is a branch of science centered on the study of matter, energy, and the connection between them.

BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

There are many branches of physics:

1. Electronics

“It is the branch of Physics which deals with development of electrons, emitting the devices and utilization and controlling of electrons flow in electrical circuit designed for various purpose.”

2 Kinematics

“It is the branch of Physics which deals with description of motion without reference to any opposing or external force”.

3. Optics

“It is the branch of Physics which deals with light and its properties.

4. Dynamics

“It is the branch of Physics which deals with causes of motion and their effects”

5. Calorimeter

“It is the branch of Physics which deals with measurement of heat”.

6. Atomic physics

“It is the branch of Physics which deals with properties and structure of Atom”.

7. Mechanics

“It is the branch of Physics which deals with motion of particles or bodies under the action of given force”.

CONTRIBUTION OF MUSLIMS SCIENTISTS

1. IBNE-AL-HAITHAM(965-1039 A.D)

INTRODUCTION
He was born in Basra a city of Iraq. He was one of the great Muslim Scientist. He was a freat scholar of physics, mathematics, engineering, astronomy and medicine.
CONTRIBUTION
1, He was a first man who discussed in detail about the luminous, non-luminous and transparent bodies.
2, He also gave the structure and working of eyes.
3, He gave us many laws of reflection and wrote many books about the reflection of light.
4, He also first time gave the idea that whenever the ray of light is incident on an object some of the incident rays are reflected from the object and enter the eyes consequently the object becomes visible to the eyes which is accepted the scientific view.

2. AL-BERUNI

INTRODUCTION
He was born in Berun a small town of Afghanistan. He wrote many books on various subjects like physics, mathematics , culture, astronomy etc.
CONTRIBUTION
1, He discussed in detail about the movement of sun moon and others planets .
2, He determined the densities of various metals .
3, He gave an idea that Earth is floating in the sky like a ships in the water.
4, He also awarded that he was a first who said that the velocity of light is more than the velocity of sound.

3.MUHAMMAD IBNE MUSA KHAWRZMI

INTRODUCTION
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was born in 850A.D at Khwarizm (Kheva), a town south of river Oxus in present Uzbekistan.
CONTRIBUTION
1, Al-Khwarizmi was one of the greatest mathematicians ever lived. He was the founder of several branches and basic concepts of mathematics. He is also famous as an astronomer and geographer.
2, He developed in detail trigonometric tables containing the sine functions, which were later extrapolated to tangent functions.
3, Al-Khwarizmi also developed the calculus of two errors, which led him to the concept of differentiation. He also refined the geometric representation of conic sections.
4, Al-Khwarizmi wrote a book on astronomical tables. Several of his books were translated into Latin in the early l2th century by Adelard of Bath and Gerard of Cremona. The treatises on Arithmetic, Kitab al-Jam’a wal-Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi, and the one on Algebra, Al-Maqala fi Hisab-al Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, are known only from Latin translations.
5, He was a first man who introduce the decimal system in mathematics.
Physical Quantities
Quantities and Units
Physical quantities: Quantities that can be measured.
Basic quantities: Quantities that cannot be defined in any other form of physical quantities.
Derived quantities: Combination of basic quantities via multiplication of division
Units: Standard size for comparison
SI Units: Internationally accepted units (determined in Paris in a meeting in 1960) –Le Systemé International d’Unites
Quantity  Symbol  SI Units  Units (Symbol)
The five basic quantities:
1.  Length                   l meter m
2.  Mass                    m kilogram kg
3.  Time                t second s
4.  Temperature     T kelvin K
5.  Electric current  I ampere A
Scientific Notation (Standard Form)
A × 10n
where A = 1 < 10 and n = integer
The value of A should always be rounded to 3 or 4 significant numbers.
Scalar and Vector Quantities
Scalar Quantities : Quantities with magnitude only.
Vector Quantities: Quantities with magnitude and direction.
EXAMPLE: Speed vs Velocity
Traveling at 60 km/h West.

Traveling at 60 km/h East.

Although both cars are traveling at the same speed , i.e. 60 km/h, they are traveling at different velocities because the directions are different.